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Surface Current & Wind

Loren Beach

O34 - Portland, OR
Senior Moderator
Blogs Author
Having done many deliveries up the WA coast over the decades, I have observed (and been adversely affected by) the ocean surface current. Old timers warn that it is generated by the daily strong NW summer wind pattern. We have experienced this effect during many trips, heading north. For the record, the Astoria to Neah Bay part takes me approximately. 26 hours. Give or take.

While it does potentially add to the "sleigh ride" running down the coast returning homeward to the Columbia River mouth, it does seems to vary in strength. Likely this depends on how many hours of continuous wind is happening, to drag the surface along.
I also have also seen the winds die down, sometimes totally, by midnight. The seas diminish and one appreciates added extra layers and insulated boots while sitting in the cold and damp cockpit. Brrrr.

Anyhow, I was just reading that the effect is often expressed by a weather experts to be about .4 Knot of surface current for every 10 knots of wind. (Some mariners even crediting it with a full knot of current for every 10 knots of continuous wind.)

When the typical summer wind starts in the morning and increases to *25 Kts by mid-late afternoon, it's a factor to deal with when figuring your ETA and watching your SOG, while the boat repeatedly thumps into 4 footers all afternoon. I am describing coastal passage off the Washington coast, often about 20 miles out, and waters not much over 100 ft.

* Some may wonder why we are not sailing, but unless racing in one of annual offshore races, I would rather skip adding extra hours to a delivery trip requiring tacking into the adverse current, steep seas and strong winds.

The mindset is more of having appreciation for the diesel engine and getting up to the right turn into the Straight of Juan De Fuca. Calmer waters and vacation fun await... :)

Idle pondering -- do sailors in other areas, like maybe the Great Lakes, deal with this effect routinely?
 
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Out There

1988 E35-3 on Lake Erie
I have not noticed it on Lake Erie despite the wind direction mostly blowing along the length of the lake but when the wind is blowing off/on shore from your location it can certainly effect the water level so there must be something there. Also the waves tend to get steep and close together so bigger wind isn't that fun
 

bgary

Advanced Beginner
Blogs Author
In southern california the prevailing afternoon westerly creates an along-shore surface current. Racing (especially around LA harbor/Long Beach/Seal Beach/Huntington/Newport) generally involves hugging the beach as closely as you dare for current relief, until it's time to tack out to a mark. And calling a layline for those marks is a dark art, since the surface current affects apparent-wind direction once you're out in it.
 

N.A.

E34 / SF Bay
Thanks for the numbers re: current based on sustained windspeed.

Unrelated to sailing, but for those curious about such things:

The Coriolis effect is what drives these clockwise (in the Northern hemisphere) circulating winds (circulating around the Pacific High, which causes wind flow from the central high pressure outwards.* Thus the winds that flow South down the US Pacific coast causing (e.g.) the California Current.

However there is a fun (and important) extra Coriolis feature: the same Coriolis effect then also impacts the wind-driven currents themselves, pushing them to the right of their course... which is then away from the coast (i.e., offshore.) This offshore flow of water on the surface requires the replacement of that water (since sea level is, roughly, constant.) That removal of water from near the coast drives upwelling from deep water to replace the removed coastal surface water, and that flow brings nutrients up from the bottom, allowing algae to grow. That is why there are big fishing grounds off almost every coast, near enough to shore that early humans could reach them in even small boats... i.e., important in the locations in which human civilization could develop.

If such things interest you, the current-flow effect is known as 'Ekman flow' or 'Ekman transport.' It is a bit trickier to understand than the above makes it sound, since the Coriolis effect causes the current to steady spiral down the water column, but net flow still ends up at right angles to the coast, driving the replacement upwelling.

* Same reason hurricanes have counterclockwise winds -- flow is _inwards_ to the central low, reversing the sign of the Coriolis effect.
 

Dave G.

1984 E30+ (SOLD)
do sailors in other areas, like maybe the Great Lakes, deal with this effect routinely?
On Lake Michigan it definitely is a huge factor. Upwind or downwind you will get "pushed down" when the wind is 15+ especially when it has been blowing the same direction for 2+ hours. The mark you thought you were going to make easy peasy requires another tack/jibe.
 

bgary

Advanced Beginner
Blogs Author
Random aside: when I was learning to race, one of the books I read said that it is fast to keep the current on your leeward bow sailing upwind.

It was years before I figured out that - except perhaps on a river - that's virtually impossible to do. In most cases, surface current is driven by the wind, which means it'll likely be on the windward bow.

So if you ever want to mess with someone, give them that tip and enjoy watching them try to sort through the geometry...
 
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