"Plastics!" (as Ben was told in that movie)
Michelle,
There are many plastic compounds, some fiber-reinforced and many not, that are used for marine/RV piping and fittings.
Nylon is strong, but is not (AFAIK) specified for use below the waterline. Another above-WL material is acetate.
Marelon (r) is a reinforced composite plastic material suitable for below the WL. It first appeared in this country in the late 70's, if I remember right, as an import from RC Marine, down under in Australia. Then Forespar bought them and put it under thier name and seems to have continued development on it.
As to transducers, they seem to have gone to "plastics" for quite some time now. I can remember when the threaded barrel was bronze and the innards were some sort of plastic, with the wires emerging from a hard "potted" material at the top. Personally I would be happy with whatever material the instrument builder was specifying and providing. For instance, my Raymarine instruments came with black "plastic" thruhulls and I have no reason to doubt that they will last until these instruments get replaced in another 15 years -- and I probably will have died or bought a trawler by then.
Speaking of instrument transducers, I note that the plastic ones used by several instrument builders are all from one common supplier, "Airmar."
As to sealant, just check the specs on the package. There are some, like LifeCaulk(r) that say not to use on plastics, and others like LifeSeal (r) that are specifically for plastics.
Best of luck.
Deposit $.01 please, with Monday discount,
Loren in PDX